Computer Architecture

 

RISC/CISC architecture

1. Comparison between RISC and CISC:

	RISC	CISC
Acronym	It stands for ‘Reduced Instruction Set Computer’.	It stands for ‘Complex Instruction Set Computer’.
Definition	The RISC processors have a smaller set of instructions with few addressing nodes.	The CISC processors have a larger set of instructions with many addressing nodes.
Memory unit	It has no memory unit and uses a separate hardware to implement instructions.	It has a memory unit to implement complex instructions.
Program	It has a hard-wired unit of programming.	It has a micro-programming unit.
Design	It is a complex complier design.	It is an easy complier design.
Calculations	The calculations are faster and precise.	The calculations are slow and precise.
Decoding	Decoding of instructions is simple.	Decoding of instructions is complex.
Time	Execution time is very less.	Execution time is very high.
External memory	It does not require external memory for calculations.	It requires external memory for calculations.
Pipelining	Pipelining does function correctly.	Pipelining does not function correctly.
Stalling	Stalling is mostly reduced in processors.	The processors often stall.
Code expansion	Code expansion can be a problem.	Code expansion is not a problem.
Disc space	The space is saved.	The space is wasted.
Applications	Used in high end applications such as video processing, telecommunications and image processing.	Used in low end applications such as security systems, home automations, etc.

Difference between RISC and CISC

S.No.	RISC	CISC
1.	Simple instruction set	Complex instruction set
2.	Consists of Large number of registers.	Less number of registers
3.	Larger Program	Smaller program
4.	Simple processor circuitry (small number of transistors)	Complex processor circuitry (more number of transistors)
5.	More RAM usage	Little Ram usage
6.	Simple addressing modes	Variety of addressing modes
7.	Fixed length instructions	Variable length instructions
8.	Fixed number of clock cycles for executing one instruction	Variable number of clock cycles for each instructions

Computer Network - Internet Protocol IP

 

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet protocol is widely respected and deployed Network Layer protocol which helps to communicate end to end devices over the internet. It comes in two flavors. IPv4 which has ruled the world for decades but now is running out of address space. IPv6 is created to replace IPv4 and hopefully mitigates limitations of IPv4 too.

Internet Protocol is connectionless and unreliable protocol. It ensures no guarantee of successfully transmission of data.

In order to make it reliable, it must be paired with reliable protocol such as TCP at the transport layer.

Internet protocol transmits the data in form of a datagram as shown in the following diagram:

Points to remember:

• The length of datagram is variable.

• The Datagram is divided into two parts: header and data.

• The length of header is 20 to 60 bytes.

• The header contains information for routing and delivery of the packet.